Why Students Fail For Complete College - 976 Words

There are many reasons as to why students fail to complete college. According to a study asking individuals to provide their own perspective on why students fail courses and drop out of college, students responded to the majority of the reason being motivation, study habits, and academic readiness (Cherif, et al. 35-51). The majority of the population never learns effective study habits before they attend college; most people cannot accomplish any studying with lousy habits, such as playing music, watching television, or texting while studying. Procrastination and poor management skills can cause a student to fail college, as well. Other factors can cause a person to struggle academically, which is why it is important for students to have a basic understanding as to how to succeed in school. A student can be successful in a variety of ways, such as practicing valuable study habits, keeping an assignment notebook, and managing his or her time. Arriving to class on time can go a long w ay in helping students be successful. To do this, the individual should make next morning preparations the eve before, such as preparing all materials that will be needed for class; this could save them a few minutes in the morning, and they may use that time to do other necessary tasks, like eating a well-balanced breakfast to boost the person’s attention span, concentration, and memory. If the student drives to school, he or she should also make sure beforehand that they have enough gasolineShow MoreRelatedCollege Failure : Cause And Effect1371 Words   |  6 PagesCollege Failure: Cause Effect People always think of reasons to why college is incredibly important .The biggest reason a person will attend college is to receive a better education and hopefully become more successful. As much as a motivational statement that may be, it s harder for many students to keep that in mind. There are countless reasons to why a student may fail college courses, but it can be narrowed down to a few. College is one of the most challenging life events a student will everRead MoreCheating on College Examinations980 Words   |  4 PagesCourse Date Cheating on College Exams Introduction Any form of cheating is a form of dishonesty. It is an act of accomplishing something in an unethical behavior. Cheating is used in any kinds of exams, especially college exams. Does it really happen? Sure it does. We argue that many college students cheat during examinations because of several reasons. They can be nervous that is why they cheat, it can also be a reason of time management wherein some college students also work while taking timeRead MoreSolutions for College Dropout1095 Words   |  5 PagesWhile there are many problems college students’ face while attempting to obtain a degree, the largest hindrance from completion is that of financial ability. One of the largest contributors to college dropout rates is the lack of financial support. Many college students must work either full or part time to support themselves or their families. With the declining economy and increasing costs of college tuition, funds are being scarcely distributed and many college stude nts find that they are unableRead MoreThe Lack of Time Management Utilized Efficiently by Students Essay544 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is Time Management, and why is it so important? Time management is the ability to plan and control how you spend the hours in your day effectively to accomplish your goals. Time management is important, because it is one of the most vital soft skills that you need to have. Without time management, it is easy for you to let yourself over to coincidence, and eventually you will not steer your life in the direction that you need to. People will begin to run over you. I would like to explain theRead MoreAre Too Many People Going to College Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesAn Analysis on â€Å"Are Too Many People Going to College† Charles Murray’s essay proposes that American colleges are being flooded with individuals who are either unprepared for higher education or who are simply forced into attending college and can’t succeed because of the lack of certain innate abilities. Murray’s essay goes on to take issue with the idea that the pursuit of a traditional college education is somehow strategically creating a separation of the American class system. While MurrayRead MoreShould College Be Free?893 Words   |  4 Pageswhether or not college should be free. Images of students rallying and protesting can be often seen in the news. They are in favor of making college free. I disagree and feel that college should not be free. People would be more likely to fail because there would be no financial consequence, the financial burden would be passed on to taxpayers who wouldn’t even benefit from it, and it would not be fair to those who work hard through earning scholarships and servi ng in the military. College should notRead MoreCollege Is Not For All But The Rich846 Words   |  4 PagesTo many people, college is necessary when it deals with furthering one’s career - wanting to make the most out of it. With this students are required to pay for an education whether it s out of pocket, scholarships, or other financial assistance. In Sandy Baum’s article â€Å"Myth: College is Unaffordable for All but the Rich,† she mentions the average price of college tuition for different types of colleges. She begins with the type of colleges, from community college to instate, public to nonprofitRead MoreIs The Drive For Success Making Our Children Sick?1603 Words   |  7 PagesEven though schools and instructors do not want a change and don t consider the fact that success is making students sick, a strategy to encounter this would be to encourage college educators and fellow students to adopt in instituting a half-day off every other week. This strategy was implemented in Vicki Abeles’ essay, â€Å"Is the Drive for Success Making Our Children Sick?† In her essay, she argues about how children’s academic efforts and extracurricular involvement are â€Å"eroding children’s healthRead MorePersuasive Speech On Debt For College746 Words   |  3 PagesIt’s college graduation day, you’ve spent countless hours studying, wrote hundreds of papers, fail an exam once or twice and pulled a few all-nighters. As you walk across the stage remember youre now the proud owner of one of the most expensive pieces of paper you will ever own. Everyone’s always saying go to college and get a degree it will pay off later. You are told college is a time to gain knowledge and discover yourself, but those fine institutions can’t keep the lights on without requiringRead MoreHigh School And College Students999 Words   |  4 PagesMost high school and college students are required to take an art course in order to gr aduate. However this idea should be forced because not all majors have something to do with art; for example, a doctor, lawyer, math teacher, etc. don’t need any type of art in order to accomplish what they want to do. Instead they should skip the art course of get an additional class that will help them with their future career. Some people that don’t have any interest in art may find the art course difficult

The Ethical Problems Of Gambling - 2688 Words

Abstract Gambling has become a serious headache for individuals who are unable to control their desire for the game. Careless gambling has destroyed jobs, relationships and souls. The purpose of this paper is to present the problem factors by discussing the ethical problems of gambling and the difference concepts between Deontology, Virtue Ethics Theories and Relativism Perspective. When you consider the unfortunate ones, this argument is particularly influential. The latest gambling conversation among the people in the United States has upset our communities expectation and encouraged the groundwork for a mass of new regulators and regulations to assistance with obedience for gambling. Gambling has grown into an ethical problem that needs to be addressed by all. Arguments For Ethical Problems Of Gambling Introduction With gambling being a profitable business our communities are forced to identify the Potential problems of gambling in their cities. I chose Ethical problems of gambling. Several arguments on this subject will show that there are ethical problems with gambling. Which is being discussed by our state and federal government? Some states are permitted to allow or forbid the practice of gambling within their areas. Gambling activities is a currently happening in our country more and more each day. Gambling has shockingly become an unlimited foundation of amusement for individuals of all ages. Gambling has primarily become aShow MoreRelatedEthical Problems of Gambling816 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Problems of Gambling An addiction to gambling can be as alcoholism and drug addiction. Gambling is a chronic though gradual condition that occurs when an individual is unable to control the impulse to participate in gambling,†­ †¬regardless of the impact that it may have on one†­Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¬s life. The disorder frequently leads to stress,†­ †¬extensive debt,†­ †¬a gradually worsened gambling problem especially if the procedure is left untreated. Although gambling has a clear financial effectRead MoreEthical Problem with Gambling Essay1509 Words   |  7 PagesEthical Problems of Gambling SOC 120 Michael Pankrast November 13, 2012 The main focus points of this paper are gambling addiction and crimes perspire through gambling activities. Gambling activities are offered illegally meaning that these activities are taken place without legal authority knowing. However, problems arise when coming in contact with gambling. Problems that arise with gambling are mostly crimes and lies. A brief discussion on a theory that may resolveRead MoreThe Ethical Problems of Gambling Essay example883 Words   |  4 PagesThere are times where gambling can be harmful to yourself and that harm can spread to your friends and family. Gambling can pose problems by inflicting mental and financial harm on a person endowed with the constant need to gamble. There is another way that gambling can effect a person in a negative manner and it includes the physical harm gambling can cause. Gambling is often associated with alcohol consumption especially alcohol consumption that is excessive in nature. Gambling is also associatedRead MorePro fitability Analysis Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesEvaluation of ethical behavior---------------------------------------3 3 Evaluation of profitability analysis---------------------------------4 4 Conclusion and recommendation----------------------------------8 References--------------------------------------------------------------------9 Executive summary This report provides an evaluation of Woolworths in respect of ethical behavior and profitability analysis to fulfill an investor’s ethical requirementRead MoreThe Ethics Of Gambling And Gambling1556 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding the ethics of gambling whether in an online setting or in a public setting. Gambling has many benefits for both gamblers and casinos, but it’s crucial to acknowledge the psychological repercussions of gambling as it isn’t always just â€Å"harmless fun.† We can consider the negative and positive implications of gambling on non-gamblers as well. However, how would ethical theories and perspectives differ in their approach to the effects of gambling? When people think of gambling, they usually see flashingRead MoreThe Issue Of The Lottery943 Words   |  4 Pageslottery is one of only a few that operates a compulsive gambling treatment operation as part of its regular operations, employing six problem gambling experts. Five state s require a telephone number for help for problem gamblers be printed on its lottery tickets (National Gambling Impact, 1999). Are the risks too high and are the choices made when gambling beneficial for the greatest number affected versus profitability for the state lotteries, businesses who manufacture goods and services forRead MoreMotivations of Pathological Gamblers1481 Words   |  6 PagesBased on information from the National Opinion Research Center (NORC), the National Gambling Impact Study Commission (NGISC) states that there are two and a half million individuals who fall into a state defined as a pathological gambler, another three million are considered problem gamblers, and roughly fifteen million more could be considered â€Å"at-risk† (NORC, 1999). A pathological gambler is one who has a severe uncontrollable urge to gamble despite harmful negative consequences or a desire toRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of Gambling in Pro Sports1660 Words   |  7 PagesGambling in professional sports is an ethical dilemma that needs to be examined from all angles before making a decision on whether to bet or not. Gambling has been a part our society for thousands of years, dating back to the original Olympic Games in Greece. Depending on where you live, there will be different laws regarding the rules of gambling. The story of Pete Rose shows a good example of what can happen to a sports manager that bets on his own team and others in his sport. In this case, thereRead MoreIs Casino Development Moral? Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesThe legalization of gambling and casino development in communities has become a heated debate topic in recent years. As with any debate, there are two sides presenting valid arguments. The purpose of this paper is to present information from the perspectives of those both in favor of and opposed to the legalization of gambling and casino development in their communities. The paper concludes with the application of ethical theories to help determine the morality of casino development. Positions RegardingRead MoreMovie Review - 211455 Words   |  6 Pagesplaying the game, while the hero is Ben Campbell, a mathematical genius student of Havard Medical School who really needs money to pay his school fees and very good in counting cards which enable him to win every time he plays Black Jack games. The ethical dilemma of Professor Micky Rosa is whether to stop ordering his students to play black jack game, or to pursuit using them as his team to win the game. If he plays the game by without the team, he can win the game but the gain is not as much as if

MINIMUM WAGE Essay Summary Example For Students

MINIMUM WAGE Essay Summary History of the Minimum Wage 1938 The minimum wage was first enacted into law as part of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) of 1938. The original minimum wage applied to workers engaged in interstate commerce and the production of goods for interstate commerce. In 1938, this applied to roughly 11.0 million workers out of a total of 54.9 million workers. The minimum wage was set at $0.25 per hour. 1961 Amendments to the minimum wage law extend coverage primarily to employees in large retail and service trades as well as local transit, construction, and gasoline service station employees. 1966 Amendments to the minimum wage law extend coverage to state and local government employees of hospitals, nursing homes, and schools and to employees of laundries, dry cleaners, large hotels and motels, restaurants, and farms. Subsequent amendments extended coverage to the remaining federal, state and local government employee not protected in 1966, to certain workers in retail and service trad es previously exempted, and to certain domestic workers in private household employment. The 20-percent increase in the federal minimum wage scheduled to occur over the next year may not be the best way to boost the incomes of low-skilled workers and their families. This article explores the purpose and impact of the minimum wage in an effort to discover whether it is a good idea. Proponents of the minimum wage argue that it ensures a living wage for workers who might otherwise be underpaid, while opponents claim it costs hundreds of thousands of workers their jobs and reduces new hires of unskilled workers. About 10 percent of workers will be directly affected by the two increases in the minimum wage Congress authorized in 1996. The first increase, which took effect on October 1, boosted the minimum wage from $4.25 to $4.75. The second increase, scheduled for September 1, 1997, will raise the wage floor to $5.15. A Brief History?A public outcry over wages and working conditions in turn-of-the-century sweatshops led to the first minimum wages in the United States. Several states, beginning with Massachusetts in 1912, regulated minimum wages, maximum hours and working conditions for women and minors. A national minimum wage was created in 1938 when President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Initially set at 25 cents per hour, the wage floor applied to industries engaged in interstate commerce and covered about one-fifth of the labor force. The FLSA also required overtime pay and set restrictions on child labor. The basic goal of the minimum wage is to guarantee workers a fair wage. Congress determines increases in the federal minimum wage and has usually set it at about one-half the average manufacturing wage. (Table 1 summarizes the history of the federal minimum wage.) Since the minimum wage is set in nominal terms, its real value declines as prices rise until Congress raises the wage floor again, creating the sawtooth pattern evident in Chart 1. ?As shown in the chart, the minimum wage fell dramatically relative to the average manufacturing wage during the 1980s, prompting one-third of the states to impose state minimum wages above the federal level. Over time, Congress has greatly expanded the coverage of the FLSA, and almost 90 percent of workers now must be paid at least the minimum wage. Most businesses with annual sales of less than $500,000 are exempt from the minimum wage standard. Concerns that the wage floor would reduce employment for certain groups of workers led to the creation of subminimum wages. The federal wage floor has usually been lower for students, and in 1989, the subminimum wage was expanded to cover all teenagers. Under the 1996 law, employers will still be able to pay teenagers $4.25 for up to 90 days. Tipped employees may also be paid less than the wage floor since the law currently includes a tip credit that allows employers to pay workers $2.13 an hour and credit tips for the rest of the wage floor. l topWho Earns the Minimum Wage?Before we assess the effects of minimum wage hikes, it is useful to examine the demographics of those earning the minimum wage to determine whether the policy helps low-skilled workers who support families or merely boosts the incomes of middle-class teenagers. Relatively few workers earn exactly the minimum wageonly 5.3 percent in 1995. Fewer than 10 percent of workers earned between $4.25 and $5.15. ?There are two main types of minimum wage workers: youths who are earning a starting wage, often while still in school, and adult women for whom the minimum wage is a primary source of household income. In 1995, more than one-third of all workers earning the federal minimum wage were teenagers, and another one-fifth were aged 20-24. The vast majority were part-time workers, and over 60 percent of workers paid the federal minimum wage were female. Table 2 summarizes the characteristics of minimum wage workers. Minimum wage workers are highly concentrated in the retail trade and service sectors and in small businesses. Over four-fifths of workers paid the federal minimum wage in 1993 were employed by retail trade or service establishments. More than one-half of all workers earning the minimum wage were employed at establishments with fewer than 25 employees, and about 85 percent were employed by establishments with fewer than 100 employees. In addition, a higher fraction of workers employed by small businesses are paid the minimum wage; almost 4 percent of employees at establishments with fewer than 25 employees earned the minimum wage, compared with less than 1 percent at establishments with more than 250 employees. Many economists believe that the minimum wage raises the wages of middle-class teens while doing little to help the working poor get out of poverty. Edward Gramlich (1976) found that any income gains among teenagers resulting from the minimum wage are about evenly split between high-income and low-income families. The vast majority of minimum wage workers are not the primary wage earner in a poor family; Richard Burkhauser and T. Aldrich Finegan (1989) estimated that in the mid-1980s only 7 percent of low-wage workers were heads of families living in poverty. Burkhauser, Kenneth Couch and David Wittenberg (1996) found that almost 40 percent of all workers directly affected by the minimum wage increases in 1990 and 1991 were from families in the top half of the income distribution, with 4 percent of affected workers in the top decile. The minimum wage does have the potential to raise the incomes of some poor households, particularly those headed by women. About 40 percent of poor adults worked in 1994, and low-wage workers contribute about one-half of household earnings. Over one-fourth of all workers in the lowest family income decile were affected by the 1990 and 1991 federal minimum wage increases, according to Burkhauser, Couch and Wittenberg. Because women tend to have lower earnings than men, working women are more likely to be in poverty. In 1987, the earnings of nearly 18 percent of working female household heads were less than the poverty level. However, the minimum wage is not high enough to lift most single-earner families out of poverty. After the federal minimum reaches $5.15 in 1997, a full-time, year-round worker will earn about $10,700 annually before taxes, less than the poverty level for a family with two children. More than one-half of all families headed by single women with children were below the poverty level in 1993. In addition, low-skilled adults may be the most likely to be laid off when the minimum wage is raised. Minimum wage increases may draw more-skilled workers into the labor market and cause employers to switch from low-skilled workers to high-skilled ones. Indeed, Kevin Lang (1994) found that minimum wage increases appear to have caused restaurants to substitute teenagers for lower skilled adult workers. Similarly, research by David Neumark and William Wascher (1995) suggests that employers substitute higher skilled teens for lower skilled teens when the minimum wage is raised. Youths who earn the minimum wage are soon likely to earn higher wages, while adults with low levels of education are more likely to get stuck at the wage floor. Ralph Smith and Bruce Vavrichek (1992) followed a group of workers earning the minimum wage in the mid-1980s and found that over 60 percent of them were earning higher wages after one year, with a median wage gain of 20 percent. However, over one-third of those workers who were still employed a year later did not experience any wage increase, even before adjusting for inflation. These workers tended to be older and have less education than workers who experienced a wage increase. These demographics suggest that a substantial minority of low-wage workers might receive even lower wages in the absence of a minimum wage. Teens and low-skilled women are the primary earners of the minimum wage. If the minimum wage is designed to ensure a living wage for families, it fails to accomplish this because it does not raise a single-earner household with children out of poverty. Although the minimum wage raises some workers wages, it also may hurt the very workers it is designed to help since businesses may respond to minimum wage increases by reducing the number of employees, cutting the number of hours worked by employees and/or raising prices. l topEffects of Minimum Wage IncreasesNeoclassical economic theory predicts that a minimum wage increase will reduce the number of low-wage workers demanded by employers. Under this model, employment of workers who initially earned less than the new wage floor should fall when the minimum wage is increased. If employers need to raise the wages of other workers to maintain a wage hierarchy within the firm, the ripple effect can cause even greater employment losses. Economists have tested this theory by examining the effect of minimum wage increases on employment among teenagers. Most studies have found that an increase in the minimum wage slightly lowers teenage employment. l 1 1 In their 1982 survey of minimum wage research, Charles Brown, Curtis Gilroy and Andrew Kohen conclude that a 10-percent increase in the minimum wage reduces teen employment by 1 to 3 percent. In a recent study, Donald Deere, Kevin M. Murphy and Finis Welch (1995) conclude that the 1990 and 1991 increases in the federal minimum wage caused teen employment to be at least 10 percent lower than it would otherwise have been. Several recent studies, however, have found that minimum wage increases appear not to reduce employment among low-wage workers. David Card and Alan Krueger (1995) find that increases in federal and state minimum wages during the 1980s and early 1990s did not reduce employment among teenagers or workers at fast-food restaurants. Indeed, their research suggests that the increases may even have slightly raised employment. In a particularly controversial study, Card and Krueger find that a 90-cent increase in New Jerseys minimum wage in 1992 appears to have increased employment at fast-food restaurants relative to neighboring Pennsylvania, which did not experience a minimum wage increase. This research, and its implications for public policy, has been strongly criticized on methodological and theoretical grounds. There are several potential reasons employment might not fall when the minimum wage rises. First, an increase in the minimum wage simply might not be large enough to raise wages. Even if the minimum wage hike raises workers pay, there are several possible scenarios in which employment might not fall or might even increase. One such possibility is monopsony, in which a firm can attract more workers if it increases the wage. If workers with similar skills have different reservation wagesthe lowest wage at which they are willing to workthen an employer will first hire those workers with the lowest reservation wages. As a firm hires more workers, it must raise the wage, but employers may not be willing to pay higher wages to all workers to attract additional workers. Under this theory, a minimum wage increase forces the employer to offer a higher wage and increases the number of persons willing to work, thereby possibly increasing employment. l 2 Another possibility is that existing work ers become more productive when the minimum wage is raised or higher skilled workers enter the labor market, and increased output balances out the higher cost of labor to employers. Civil Disobedience in American History EssayAlthough the minimum wage rose in 1997 to $5.15 an hour, this increase did not restore the minimum wage to its historic value. In the past, the minimum wage provided enough income to lift a family of three out of poverty. During the 1960s and 1970s, the poverty level for a family of three was roughly equal to the yearly earnings of a full-time, year-round worker earning the minimum wage. The minimum wage, however, remained unchanged at $3.35 an hour from 1981 until April 1990, and thus, minimum wage earnings slipped significantly below the poverty level. Recent increases have not restored all the lost value. To reach the poverty level for a family of three in 1999 ($13,290), a full-time, year-round worker would need to earn $6.39 an hour$1.24 more than the current minimum wage level. A 1999 study by the U.S. Conference of Mayors found that 67 percent of adults seeking emergency food aid were workers. Officials in 58 percent of the cities surveyed identified low-paying jobs as a primary cause of hunger. ?A full-time, year-round minimum wage worker in 1999 earned only $10,712$2,578 less than the $13,290 needed to raise a family of three out of poverty. Note: Annual minimum wage earnings are calculated by assuming a person worked 40 hours a week for 52 weeks. (p) Preliminary. This number is a preliminary estimate from the U.S. Census Bureau. The final 1999 poverty line estimate will be available from the Census Bureau later this year. Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Table 6. http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/histpov/hstpov1.html; U.S. Department of Labor, http://www.dol.gov/dol/esa/public/minwage/chart.htm; U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty in the United States: 1997, p. 60-201, September 1998; U.S. Census Bureau, Poverty in the United States: 1998, p. 60-207, September 1999; U.S. Census Bureau, http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/threshld/99prelim.html, Jan. 19, 2000. February 15, 1995 50 Years of Research on the Minimum WageIntroductionFor many years it has been a matter of conventional wisdom among economists that the minimum wage causes fewer jobs to exist than would be the case without it. This is simply a matter of price theory, taught in every economics textbook, requiring no elaborate analysis to justify. Were this not the case, there would be no logical reason why the minimum wage could not be set at $10, $100, or $1 million per hour. Historically, defenders of the minimum wage have not disputed the disemployment effects of the minimum wage, but argued that on balance the working poor were better off. In other words, the higher incomes of those with jobs offset the lower incomes of those without jobs, as a result of the minimum wage l levitan. Now, the Clinton Administration is advancing the novel economic theory that modest increases in the minimum wage will have no impact whatsoever on employment. This proposition is based entirely on th e work of three economists: David Card and Alan Krueger of Princeton, and Lawrence Katz of Harvard. Their studies of increases in the minimum wage in California, Texas and New Jersey apparently found no loss of jobs among fast food restaurants that were surveyed before and after the increase l card-92b, l krueger, and l katz. While it is not yet clear why Card, Katz and Krueger got the results that they did, it is clear that their findings are directly contrary to virtually every empirical study ever done on the minimum wage. These studies were exhaustively surveyed by the Minimum Wage Study Commission, which concluded that a 10% increase in the minimum wage reduced teenage employment by 1% to 3%. The following survey of the academic research on the minimum wage is designed to give nonspecialists a sense of just how isolated the Card, Krueger and Katz studies are. It will also indicate that the minimum wage has wide-ranging negative effects that go beyond unemployment. For example, higher minimum wages encourage employers to cut back on training, thus depriving low wage workers of an important means of long-term advancement, in return for a small increase in current income. For many workers this is a very bad trade-off, but one for which the law provides no alternative. ?Summary of Research on the Minimum WageThe minimum wage reduces employment. Currie and Fallick (1993), Gallasch (1975), Gardner (1981), Peterson (1957), Peterson and Stewart (1969). The minimum wage reduces employment more among teenagers than adults. Adie (1973); Brown, Gilroy and Kohen (1981a, 1981b); Fleisher (1981); Hammermesh (1982); Meyer and Wise (1981, 1983a); Minimum Wage Study Commission (1981); Neumark and Wascher (1992); Ragan (1977); Vandenbrink (1987); Welch (1974, 1978); Welch and Cunningham (1978). The minimum wage reduces employment most among black teenage males. Al-Salam, Quester, and Welch (1981), Iden (1980), Mincer (1976), Moore (1971), Ragan (1977), Williams (1977a, 197 7b). The minimum wage helped South African whites at the expense of blacks. Bauer (1959). The minimum wage hurts blacks generally. Behrman, Sickles and Taubman (1983); Linneman (1982). The minimum wage hurts the unskilled. Krumm (1981). The minimum wage hurts low wage workers. Brozen (1962), Cox and Oaxaca (1986), Gordon (1981). The minimum wage hurts low wage workers particularly during cyclical downturns. Kosters and Welch (1972), Welch (1974). The minimum wage increases job turnover. Hall (1982). The minimum wage reduces average earnings of young workers. Meyer and Wise (1983b). The minimum wage drives workers into uncovered jobs, thus lowering wages in those sectors. Brozen (1962), Tauchen (1981), Welch (1974). The minimum wage reduces employment in low-wage industries, such as retailing. Cotterman (1981), Douty (1960), Fleisher (1981), Hammermesh (1981), Peterson (1981). The minimum wage hurts small businesses generally. Kaun (1965). The minimum wage causes employers to cut bac k on training. Hashimoto (1981, 1982), Leighton and Mincer (1981), Ragan (1981). The minimum wage has long-term effects on skills and lifetime earnings. Brozen (1969), Feldstein (1973). The minimum wage leads employers to cut back on fringe benefits. McKenzie (1980), Wessels (1980). The minimum wage encourages employers to install labor-saving devices. Trapani and Moroney (1981). The minimum wage hurts low-wage regions, such as the South and rural areas. Colberg (1960, 1981), Krumm (1981). The minimum wage increases the number of people on welfare. Brandon (1995), Leffler (1978). The minimum wage hurts the poor generally. Stigler (1946). The minimum wage does little to reduce poverty. Bonilla (1992), Brown (1988), Johnson and Browning (1983), Kohen and Gilroy (1981), Parsons (1980), Smith and Vavrichek (1987). The minimum wage helps upper income families. Bell (1981), Datcher and Loury (1981), Johnson and Browning (1981), Kohen and Gilroy (1981). The minimum wage helps unions. Linne man (1982), Cox and Oaxaca (1982). The minimum wage lowers the capital stock. McCulloch (1981). The minimum wage increases inflationary pressure. Adams (1987), Brozen (1966), Gramlich (1976), Grossman (1983). The minimum wage increases teenage crime rates. Hashimoto (1987), Phillips (1981). The minimum wage encourages employers to hire illegal aliens. Beranek (1982). Few workers are permanently stuck at the minimum wage. Brozen (1969), Smith and Vavrichek (1992). The minimum wage has had a massive impact on unemployment in Puerto Rico. Freeman and Freeman (1991), Rottenberg (1981b). The minimum wage has reduced employment in foreign countries. Canada: Forrest (1982); Chile: Corbo (1981); Costa Rica: Gregory (1981); France: Rosa (1981). Characteristics of minimum wage workers Employment Policies Institute (1994), Haugen and Mellor (1990), Kniesner (1981), Mellor (1987), Mellor and Haugen (1986), Smith and Vavrichek (1987), Van Giezen (1994Words/ Pages : 5,749 / 24